Dievas is the primordial supreme god in Baltic mythology, particularly in Lithuanian beliefs. As one of the most important deities, Dievas shares significance with Perkūnas, the god of thunder, and is considered the brother of Potrimpo, another prominent deity. Originating from pre-Christian Lithuania, this polytheistic religion influenced the stories and mythology surrounding Dievas and other gods.
An essential figure in Lithuanian mythology, Dievas created all good things, including peace, friendship, flowers, and animals. As the supreme creator god, he stands at the center of Lithuanian religious beliefs and practices. In ancient times, Dievas was worshipped and venerated by people from the region, who believed in his power and influence over their lives.
Despite the subsequent Christianization of Lithuania and Latvia, the concept of Dievas evolved to refer to the Christian God, marking a transition from traditional polytheism to monotheistic beliefs. Nonetheless, the intriguing mythological stories and unique cultural elements remain an essential part of Lithuania’s historical identity, drawing interest from those who seek to understand the rich heritage of this Baltic nation.
Historical Origins of Dievas
Pagan Lithuania and Dievas
Dievas, the supreme god in Baltic mythology, held great significance in pre-Christian Lithuania. Alongside Perkūnas, Dievas was one of the most important deities, revered for being the source of all good things, such as peace, friendship, and nature’s beauty. This primordial god also played a role in the creation of humans, which is believed to have occurred accidentally from the dirt that fell while he washed his face.
Christian Influence
As the Baltic countries, including Lithuania, were the last pagan nations in Europe to convert to Christianity, they embraced their ancient beliefs well into the 14th and 15th centuries. However, with the eventual adoption of Christianity, the significance of Dievas diminished. Today, much of what we know about these deities comes from folktales and historical snippets, offering a glimpse into the rich cultural and religious history of Lithuania before the arrival of Christianity.
Dievatvas and the Pantheon
Dievatvas: The Sky Father
Dievatvas, also known as Dievas, was the supreme god in Lithuanian mythology. He held dominion over the sky and the universe, and was considered one of the most significant deities in the Baltic pantheon. Dievatvas was a primordial god, believed to be the brother of two other important gods, Perkūnas and Potrimpo.
Patrimpas: the God of Fertility, Peace, and Water
Patrimpas, another prominent figure in Lithuanian mythology, was known as the protector of flowers, plants, and all things related to fertility. As a deity of peace, his domain extended to the happiness and harmony of the Lithuanian people. Water, an essential element for sustaining life, was also under Patrimpas’ watchful eye.
Perkunas: the Thunder God
Lastly, we turn our attention to Perkunas, the mighty god of thunder, lightning, and the atmosphere. With immense power over the elements, he was often depicted wielding a double-sided axe. In the pantheon, Perkunas held a particularly important role, as he was a symbol of strength and protection for the Lithuanian people. His presence was not only feared but respected.
Rituals and Worship
Sacred Sites and Nature Worship
In Lithuanian mythology, nature held a significant role with various sacred sites being dedicated to gods and goddesses. Forests, rivers, and hills often served as places of worship, ablaze with spiritual energy. Some of these divine sites were also designated as sanctuaries.
An important concept in the Lithuanian religious practice is Romuva, which refers to both sanctuary and a place for inner peace. The Baltic Prussian sanctuary, Romuva, is considered a representation of balance and harmony between humans and nature.
Seasonal Festivities and Rites
Lithuanian mythology involved rituals and festivities that marked the change of seasons, signifying a deep connection between nature, deities, and followers of the faith. Some notable celebrations include:
- Rasa – A summer solstice festival honoring the sun and the warmth it brings. It involves bonfires, singing, and dancing late into the night.
- Vėlinės – A commemoration of the deceased, held in autumn. Prayers and offerings are made to ancestors, while people visit the graves of relatives, sharing stories from past generations.
- Kūčios – The winter solstice celebration, observed as a time for family gatherings, communal feasting, and remembering those who have passed.
These festivities reflect the connection between Dievas, the supreme god of Lithuanian mythology, and the ancient Lithuanians, who expressed their devotion to him and other deities through rituals and worship.
Symbolism and Mythology
Cosmic Battle Themes
In Baltic mythology, cosmic battles between good and evil forces were a recurring theme. Dievas, the supreme god, represented goodness and was often pitted against chaos and darkness. The forces of chaos were usually personified in various mythological beings, such as Velinas, the devilish being associated with evil deeds and trickery.
Actors in Lithuanian Mythology
Lithuanian mythology was populated by numerous gods and mythological figures. Some key figures included:
- Dievas: The supreme god who brought about peace, creation, and the natural order.
- Perkūnas: The god of thunder and lightning, closely associated with Dievas in the divine hierarchy.
- Potrimpo: Dievas’ brother, often associated with water and agricultural fertility.
- Gabija: A goddess related to the Holy Fire and believed to be a daughter of Dievas.
- Laima: A goddess who governed fate and protected pregnant women.
- Mėnuo: The Moon, considered a son of Dievas.
These mythological beings played varied roles in the Lithuanian belief system and participated with Dievas in maintaining the balance of the world.
Revival of the Old Faith
Romuva Movement
In the interwar period, Lithuania saw a revival of its ancient pagan traditions, known as the Romuva movement. Romuva, named after one of the last pagan temples, gained popularity as the country sought to reclaim its historical identity. The movement experienced another resurgence following the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Modern Celebrations and Practices
Today, a small but dedicated community of pagan practitioners keep the Lithuanian traditions alive. These modern followers of the old faith revere Dievas, the supreme deity, alongside other important deities like Perkūnas. They hold celebrations that honor their ancestors and the changing seasons, marking important events such as the solstices and equinoxes.
The contemporary Romuva community emphasizes a connection to nature, promoting ecological awareness and preservation of Lithuania’s ancient heritage. By engaging in traditional practices, adherents aim to create a sense of spiritual continuity for future generations while honoring the memory of their ancestors and the gods of their forebears.